巴黎氣候變化大會(huì)于2015年12月12日晚通過全球氣候變化新協(xié)議?！堵?lián)合國(guó)氣候變化框架公約》近200個(gè)締約方一致同意通過《巴黎協(xié)定》。協(xié)議規(guī)定，各國(guó)應(yīng)著眼于盡快達(dá)到“溫室氣體排放量的全球峰值”，并在本世紀(jì)下半葉實(shí)現(xiàn)人類活動(dòng)排放與自然吸收之間的平衡（凈零排放）。

　　三大目標(biāo)

　　2攝氏度＋1.5攝氏度；前工業(yè)化水平

　　Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.

　　遏制全球平均溫度至不高于前工業(yè)化時(shí)期２攝氏度，謀求將溫度增長(zhǎng)限制在不高于前工業(yè)化時(shí)期１.５攝氏度，如此才能大幅度降低氣候變化帶來的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和影響。

　　氣候恢復(fù)

　　Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production

　　增強(qiáng)對(duì)氣候變化不利影響的適應(yīng)能力，在不威脅糧食生產(chǎn)的前提下，培育氣候恢復(fù)和低溫室氣體排放式發(fā)展。

　　Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development

　　資金流動(dòng)與低溫室氣體排放和氣候順應(yīng)發(fā)展道路相適應(yīng)。

　　【名詞解釋】Intended Nationally determined contributions（INDCs）

　　國(guó)別自定預(yù)期貢獻(xiàn)。為實(shí)現(xiàn)COP21巴黎協(xié)定，各國(guó)公開出臺(tái)2020年后應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化規(guī)劃被稱為INDC。這標(biāo)志著氣候治理路線與《京都議定書》不同，從強(qiáng)制絕對(duì)目標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)向國(guó)家自定貢獻(xiàn)。

　　Developed country Parties shall continue taking the lead by undertaking economy-wide absolute emission reduction targets.

　　發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家應(yīng)承擔(dān)整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)范圍內(nèi)的絕對(duì)減排目標(biāo)。

　　Developing country Parties should continue enhancing their mitigation efforts, and are encouraged to move over time towards economy-wide emission reduction or limitation targets in the light of different national circumstances.

　　發(fā)展中國(guó)家應(yīng)加強(qiáng)限排努力，鼓勵(lì)根據(jù)不同的國(guó)家情況，向全經(jīng)濟(jì)減排或限制目標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)移。

　　絕對(duì)減排（Absolute Emission Reduction）與排放強(qiáng)度（Emissions Intensity ）

　　絕對(duì)減排是對(duì)二氧化碳和其他溫室氣體排放的量化，排放強(qiáng)度則指每單位經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)出的排放量。對(duì)于發(fā)展中國(guó)家來說，降低了排放強(qiáng)度，即每生產(chǎn)一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)品，排放的溫室氣體減少了，但因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)總體處于大發(fā)展階段，總體的排放仍然在增加，并將于某一年達(dá)到峰值。這與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家要承擔(dān)的絕對(duì)數(shù)量減排有區(qū)別。

　　國(guó)際合作，兩個(gè)手段

　　Parties shall, where engaging on a voluntary basis in cooperative approaches that involve the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes towards nationally determined contributions, promote sustainable development and ensure environmental integrity and transparency.

　　各方應(yīng)在自愿基礎(chǔ)上使用國(guó)際性可轉(zhuǎn)讓減排成果，以實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)別貢獻(xiàn)，促進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展并確保環(huán)境數(shù)據(jù)誠(chéng)實(shí)透明。

　　各方認(rèn)識(shí)到統(tǒng)一、整體、平衡的非市場(chǎng)手段可用于幫助各方履行國(guó)別排放貢獻(xiàn)……包括適宜的減緩、順應(yīng)、融資、技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓和能力建設(shè)。

　　除了自己加緊減排，還有什么國(guó)際合作的手段呢？第一是市場(chǎng)手段。比方說，我比較窮，有減排份額排不完，我就賣給你，你把我的份額用了，拿出錢來幫助我發(fā)展綠色經(jīng)濟(jì)，這時(shí)市場(chǎng)的方法。第二是非市場(chǎng)手段。

　　順應(yīng)氣候首先要順應(yīng)實(shí)際

　　Parties acknowledge that adaptation action should follow a country-driven, gender-responsive, participatory and fully transparentapproach, taking into consideration vulnerable groups, communities and ecosystems, and should be based on and guided by the best available science and, as appropriate, traditional knowledge, knowledge of indigenous peoples and local knowledge systems, with a view to integrating adaptation into relevant socioeconomic and environmental policies and actions.

　　各方承認(rèn)順應(yīng)行為應(yīng)以國(guó)家為基礎(chǔ)，考慮性別因素，鼓勵(lì)參與及保證透明。考慮到弱勢(shì)群體、社區(qū)和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，以最可行的科技和最適宜的傳統(tǒng)知識(shí)、當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)，旨在把順應(yīng)行為整合到相關(guān)的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)和環(huán)境政策及行為中去。

　　不可避免的究竟不可避免，不僅要減緩，還要順應(yīng)。和人類在冰河時(shí)期死傷大半不同，現(xiàn)在這種順應(yīng)有更多的倫理和科學(xué)考慮，其中最重要一點(diǎn)，就是要結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)貙?shí)際情況。

　　誰應(yīng)該拿錢？

　　Developed country Parties shall provide financial resources to assist developing country Parties with respect to both mitigation and adaptation in continuation of their existing obligations under the Convention.

　　發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家應(yīng)向發(fā)展中國(guó)家提供財(cái)政支持，繼續(xù)按現(xiàn)有《公約》義務(wù)支持其減緩和順應(yīng)。

　　Support, including financial support, shall be provided to developing country Parties for...strengthening cooperative action on technology development and transfer at different stages of the technology cycle.

　　應(yīng)向發(fā)展中國(guó)家提供財(cái)力支持，以在技術(shù)周期的不同階段，強(qiáng)化技術(shù)發(fā)展和技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓的合作行為。

　　怎么搞的要說清楚

　　Each Party shall regularly provide the following information:

　　(a) A national inventory report of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases, prepared using good practice methodologies accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement

　　各方應(yīng)定期提供下列信息。

　　a）提供國(guó)家人為排放溫室氣體的來源及消除清單，采用氣候變化政府間小組接受且巴黎協(xié)議約定的正確方法。

　　(b) Information necessaryto track progress made in implementing and achieving its nationally determined contribution under Article 4

　　b）實(shí)施和達(dá)到國(guó)別排放目標(biāo)中可追查的信息。

　　五年一盤點(diǎn)

　　The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement shall undertake its first global stocktake in 2023 and every five years thereafter unless otherwise decided by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement.

　　巴黎協(xié)議各方應(yīng)于2023年達(dá)成階段性目標(biāo)并進(jìn)行全球盤點(diǎn)，此后每五年一次，除非巴黎協(xié)議另有規(guī)定。

　　This Agreement shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the date on which at least 55 Parties to the Convention accounting in total for at least an estimated 55 percent of the total global greenhouse gas emissions have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.

　　本協(xié)議將于至少55個(gè)參與國(guó)（其其排放量占比超過全球的55%）遞交簽署、批準(zhǔn)或加入文件當(dāng)日后的第３０日起生效。